Viral Vectors | Non-Viral Vectors | ||||
Characteristic | • Can express multiples antigens • Induces strong immune responses • Potential reversion of the virus to its wild type form • Risk of integration of the transgene in the host’s genome | Chemical | Physical | Biological | |
Liposomes | Electroporation | Gene Gun | Bacteria | ||
• Synthetic vesicles of phospholipids bilayers containing DNA vaccine plasmids • Very safe system | • Electric field pulse into the tissue so that it captures the DNA vaccine by means of transient pores in cells • Rapid, simple and efficient method • The cell membrane can be irreparably damaged with high voltages | • Delivery of gold microparticles coated with DNA vaccine plasmids • Small amounts of DNA are necessary • High antibody production • Suboptimal transfection efficiency • Tissue damage from pressure • blast | • Internalization of bacteria harboring the vaccine vector by target cells • Cell factories for large DNA plasmid production • Protect the DNA from degradation by nucleases • Amplification steps and purification of plasmid are not required, thereby reducing costs • Potential risk of chromosomal integration • Limited by their inefficiency • Potential induction of tolerance to the immunizing antigen |